Application of biochar-based photocatalysts for adsorption-(photo)degradation/reduction of environmental contaminants: mechanism, challenges and perspective

Abstract The fast increase of population results in the quick development industry and agriculture. Large amounts contaminants such as metal ions organic are released into natural environment, posing a risk to human health causing environment ecosystem problems. efficient elimination from aqueous solutions, photocatalytic degradation pollutants or in-situ solidification/immobilization heavy solid phases most suitable strategies decontaminate pollution. Biochar biochar-based composites have attracted multidisciplinary interests especially environmental pollution management because their porous structures, large functional groups, high adsorption capacities photocatalysis performance. In this review, application biochar adsorbents and/or catalysts for different contaminants, adsorption-photodegradation pollutants, adsorption-(photo)reduction summarized, mechanism was discussed advanced spectroscopy analysis DFT calculation detail. doping oxides is main strategy narrow band gap, generation separation photogenerated e ? -h + pairs, produce more superoxide radicals (·O 2 ) hydroxyl (·OH), enhance visible light absorption performance, which dominate (photo)reduction valent metals low metals. environmentally friendly materials, promising candidates cleanup. challenge perspective provided end. Graphical